Method and apparatus for implicit transform splitting

ABSTRACT

A method of video decoding for a decoder includes acquiring transform block signaling information from a coded video bitstream. The method further includes determining whether the transform block signaling information indicates that at least one of a plurality of transform block units (TUs) contains non-zero coefficients, the plurality of TUs being partitioned from a coding block unit (CU). The method further includes, in response to the determination that at least one of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients, (i) determining a coding tool specified for one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs, and (ii) performing, for each of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients, an inverse transform in accordance with the coding tool specified for the one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This present disclosure claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/680,492, “IMPLICIT TRANSFORM SPLITTING” filed on Jun. 4, 2018, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure describes embodiments generally related to video coding.

BACKGROUND

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent the work is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.

In some coding standards, a picture may be represented as a coding tree unit (CTU). The CTU may be split into coding units (CUs) by using a quadtree structure denoted as a coding tree to adapt to various local characteristics. The decision whether to code a picture area using inter-picture (temporal) or intra-picture (spatial) prediction is made at the CU level. Each CU can be further split into one, two, or four prediction units (PUs) according to the PU splitting type. Inside one PU, the same prediction process is applied and the relevant information is transmitted to the decoder on a PU basis. After obtaining the residual block by applying the prediction process based on the PU splitting type, a CU can be partitioned into transform units (TUs) according to another quadtree structure similar to the coding tree for the CU.

Certain TUs may only contain coefficients that are zero. Accordingly, performing an inverse transform on these TUs on the decoder side is unnecessary since these TUs do not contain information that is necessary to reconstruct a block. Thus, the signaling of information associated with these TUs unnecessarily increases bandwidth of a coded video bitstream.

SUMMARY

An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes a method of video decoding for a decoder that includes acquiring transform block signaling information from a coded video bitstream. The method further includes determining whether the transform block signaling information indicates that at least one of a plurality of transform block units (TUs) contains non-zero coefficients, the plurality of TUs being partitioned from a coding block unit (CU). The method further includes, in response to the determination that at least one of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients, (i) determining a coding tool specified for one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs, and (ii) performing, for each of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients, an inverse transform in accordance with the coding tool specified for the one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs.

An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes a video decoder for video decoding. The video decoder includes processing circuitry configured to acquire transform block signaling information from a coded video bitstream. The processing circuitry is further configured to determine whether the transform block signaling information indicates that at least one of a plurality of transform block units (TUs) contains non-zero coefficients, the plurality of TUs being partitioned from a coding block unit (CU). The processing circuitry is further configured to, in response to the determination that at least one of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients, (i) determine a coding tool specified for one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs, and (ii) perform, for each of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients, an inverse transform in accordance with the coding tool specified for the one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs.

An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes a non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored therein, which when executed by a processor in a video decoder, causes the processor to execute a method. The method includes acquiring transform block signaling information from a coded video bitstream. The method further includes determining whether the transform block signaling information indicates that at least one of a plurality of transform block units (TUs) contains non-zero coefficients, the plurality of TUs being partitioned from a coding block unit (CU). The method further includes, in response to the determination that at least one of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients, (i) determining a coding tool specified for one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs, and (ii) performing, for each of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients, an inverse transform in accordance with the coding tool specified for the one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features, the nature, and various advantages of the disclosed subject matter will be more apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of a communication system (100) in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of a communication system (200) in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of a decoder in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of an encoder in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of an encoder in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of a decoder in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary coding unit (CU).

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary partitioning of a CU into a transform unit (TU).

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary process performed by a decoder.

FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of a computer system in accordance with an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a communication system (100) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The communication system (100) includes a plurality of terminal devices that can communicate with each other, via, for example, a network (150). For example, the communication system (100) includes a first pair of terminal devices (110) and (120) interconnected via the network (150). In the FIG. 1 example, the first pair of terminal devices (110) and (120) performs unidirectional transmission of data. For example, the terminal device (110) may code video data (e.g., a stream of video pictures that are captured by the terminal device (110)) for transmission to the other terminal device (120) via the network (150). The encoded video data can be transmitted in the form of one or more coded video bitstreams. The terminal device (120) may receive the coded video data from the network (150), decode the coded video data to recover the video pictures and display video pictures according to the recovered video data. Unidirectional data transmission may be common in media serving applications and the like.

In another example, the communication system (100) includes a second pair of terminal devices (130) and (140) that performs bidirectional transmission of coded video data that may occur, for example, during videoconferencing. For bidirectional transmission of data, in an example, each terminal device of the terminal devices (130) and (140) may code video data (e.g., a stream of video pictures that are captured by the terminal device) for transmission to the other terminal device of the terminal devices (130) and (140) via the network (150). Each terminal device of the terminal devices (130) and (140) also may receive the coded video data transmitted by the other terminal device of the terminal devices (130) and (140), and may decode the coded video data to recover the video pictures and may display video pictures at an accessible display device according to the recovered video data.

In the FIG. 1 example, the terminal devices (110), (120), (130) and (140) may be illustrated as servers, personal computers and smart phones but the principles of the present disclosure may be not so limited. Embodiments of the present disclosure find application with laptop computers, tablet computers, media players and/or dedicated video conferencing equipment. The network (150) represents any number of networks that convey coded video data among the terminal devices (110), (120), (130) and (140), including for example wireline (wired) and/or wireless communication networks. The communication network (150) may exchange data in circuit-switched and/or packet-switched channels. Representative networks include telecommunications networks, local area networks, wide area networks and/or the Internet. For the purposes of the present discussion, the architecture and topology of the network (150) may be immaterial to the operation of the present disclosure unless explained herein below.

FIG. 2 illustrates, as an example for an application for the disclosed subject matter, the placement of a video encoder and a video decoder in a streaming environment. The disclosed subject matter can be equally applicable to other video enabled applications, including, for example, video conferencing, digital TV, storing of compressed video on digital media including CD, DVD, memory stick and the like, and so on.

A streaming system may include a capture subsystem (213), that can include a video source (201), for example a digital camera, creating for example a stream of video pictures (202) that are uncompressed. In an example, the stream of video pictures (202) includes samples that are taken by the digital camera. The stream of video pictures (202), depicted as a bold line to emphasize a high data volume when compared to encoded video data (204) (or coded video bitstreams), can be processed by an electronic device (220) that includes a video encoder (203) coupled to the video source (201). The video encoder (203) can include hardware, software, or a combination thereof to enable or implement aspects of the disclosed subject matter as described in more detail below. The encoded video data (204) (or encoded video bitstream (204)), depicted as a thin line to emphasize the lower data volume when compared to the stream of video pictures (202), can be stored on a streaming server (205) for future use. One or more streaming client subsystems, such as client subsystems (206) and (208) in FIG. 2 can access the streaming server (205) to retrieve copies (207) and (209) of the encoded video data (204). A client subsystem (206) can include a video decoder (210), for example, in an electronic device (230). The video decoder (210) decodes the incoming copy (207) of the encoded video data and creates an outgoing stream of video pictures (211) that can be rendered on a display (212) (e.g., display screen) or other rendering device (not depicted). In some streaming systems, the encoded video data (204), (207), and (209) (e.g., video bitstreams) can be encoded according to certain video coding/compression standards. Examples of those standards include ITU-T Recommendation H.265. In an example, a video coding standard under development is informally known as Versatile Video Coding or VVC. The disclosed subject matter may be used in the context of VVC.

It is noted that the electronic devices (220) and (230) can include other components (not shown). For example, the electronic device (220) can include a video decoder (not shown) and the electronic device (230) can include a video encoder (not shown) as well.

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a video decoder (310) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The video decoder (310) can be included in an electronic device (330). The electronic device (330) can include a receiver (331) (e.g., receiving circuitry). The video decoder (310) can be used in the place of the video decoder (210) in the FIG. 2 example.

The receiver (331) may receive one or more coded video sequences to be decoded by the video decoder (310); in the same or another embodiment, one coded video sequence at a time, where the decoding of each coded video sequence is independent from other coded video sequences. The coded video sequence may be received from a channel (301), which may be a hardware/software link to a storage device which stores the encoded video data. The receiver (331) may receive the encoded video data with other data, for example, coded audio data and/or ancillary data streams, that may be forwarded to their respective using entities (not depicted). The receiver (331) may separate the coded video sequence from the other data. To combat network jitter, a buffer memory (315) may be coupled in between the receiver (331) and an entropy decoder/parser (320) (“parser (320)” henceforth). In certain applications, the buffer memory (315) is part of the video decoder (310). In others, it can be outside of the video decoder (310) (not depicted). In still others, there can be a buffer memory (not depicted) outside of the video decoder (310), for example to combat network jitter, and in addition another buffer memory (315) inside the video decoder (310), for example to handle playout timing. When the receiver (331) is receiving data from a store/forward device of sufficient bandwidth and controllability, or from an isosynchronous network, the buffer memory (315) may not be needed, or can be small. For use on best effort packet networks such as the Internet, the buffer memory (315) may be required, can be comparatively large and can be advantageously of adaptive size, and may at least partially be implemented in an operating system or similar elements (not depicted) outside of the video decoder (310).

The video decoder (310) may include the parser (320) to reconstruct symbols (321) from the coded video sequence. Categories of those symbols include information used to manage operation of the video decoder (310), and potentially information to control a rendering device such as a render device (312) (e.g., a display screen) that is not necessarily an integral part of the electronic device (330) but can be coupled to the electronic device (330), as was shown in FIG. 3. The control information for the rendering device(s) may be in the form of Supplementary Enhancement Information (SEI messages) or Video Usability Information (VUI) parameter set fragments (not depicted). The parser (320) may parse/entropy-decode the coded video sequence that is received. The coding of the coded video sequence can be in accordance with a video coding technology or standard, and can follow various principles, including variable length coding, Huffman coding, arithmetic coding with or without context sensitivity, and so forth. The parser (320) may extract from the coded video sequence, a set of subgroup parameters for at least one of the subgroups of pixels in the video decoder, based upon at least one parameter corresponding to the group. Subgroups can include Groups of Pictures (GOPs), pictures, tiles, slices, macroblocks, Coding Units (CUs), blocks, Transform Units (TUs), Prediction Units (PUs) and so forth. The parser (320) may also extract from the coded video sequence information such as transform coefficients, quantizer parameter values, motion vectors, and so forth.

The parser (320) may perform entropy decoding/parsing operation on the video sequence received from the buffer memory (315), so as to create symbols (321).

Reconstruction of the symbols (321) can involve multiple different units depending on the type of the coded video picture or parts thereof (such as: inter and intra picture, inter and intra block), and other factors. Which units are involved, and how, can be controlled by the subgroup control information that was parsed from the coded video sequence by the parser (320). The flow of such subgroup control information between the parser (320) and the multiple units below is not depicted for clarity.

Beyond the functional blocks already mentioned, the video decoder (310) can be conceptually subdivided into a number of functional units as described below. In a practical implementation operating under commercial constraints, many of these units interact closely with each other and can, at least partly, be integrated into each other. However, for the purpose of describing the disclosed subject matter, the conceptual subdivision into the functional units below is appropriate.

A first unit is the scaler/inverse transform unit (351). The scaler/inverse transform unit (351) receives a quantized transform coefficient as well as control information, including which transform to use, block size, quantization factor, quantization scaling matrices, etc. as symbol(s) (321) from the parser (320). The scaler/inverse transform unit (351) can output blocks comprising sample values, that can be input into aggregator (355).

In some cases, the output samples of the scaler/inverse transform (351) can pertain to an intra coded block; that is: a block that is not using predictive information from previously reconstructed pictures, but can use predictive information from previously reconstructed parts of the current picture. Such predictive information can be provided by an intra picture prediction unit (352). In some cases, the intra picture prediction unit (352) generates a block of the same size and shape of the block under reconstruction, using surrounding already reconstructed information fetched from the current picture buffer (358). The current picture buffer (358) buffers, for example, partly reconstructed current picture and/or fully reconstructed current picture. The aggregator (355), in some cases, adds, on a per sample basis, the prediction information the intra prediction unit (352) has generated to the output sample information as provided by the scaler/inverse transform unit (351).

In other cases, the output samples of the scaler/inverse transform unit (351) can pertain to an inter coded, and potentially motion compensated block. In such a case, a motion compensation prediction unit (353) can access reference picture memory (357) to fetch samples used for prediction. After motion compensating the fetched samples in accordance with the symbols (321) pertaining to the block, these samples can be added by the aggregator (355) to the output of the scaler/inverse transform unit (351) (in this case called the residual samples or residual signal) so as to generate output sample information. The addresses within the reference picture memory (357) from where the motion compensation prediction unit (353) fetches prediction samples can be controlled by motion vectors, available to the motion compensation prediction unit (353) in the form of symbols (321) that can have, for example X, Y, and reference picture components. Motion compensation also can include interpolation of sample values as fetched from the reference picture memory (357) when sub-sample exact motion vectors are in use, motion vector prediction mechanisms, and so forth.

The output samples of the aggregator (355) can be subject to various loop filtering techniques in the loop filter unit (356). Video compression technologies can include in-loop filter technologies that are controlled by parameters included in the coded video sequence (also referred to as coded video bitstream) and made available to the loop filter unit (356) as symbols (321) from the parser (320), but can also be responsive to meta-information obtained during the decoding of previous (in decoding order) parts of the coded picture or coded video sequence, as well as responsive to previously reconstructed and loop-filtered sample values.

The output of the loop filter unit (356) can be a sample stream that can be output to the render device (312) as well as stored in the reference picture memory (357) for use in future inter-picture prediction.

Certain coded pictures, once fully reconstructed, can be used as reference pictures for future prediction. For example, once a coded picture corresponding to a current picture is fully reconstructed and the coded picture has been identified as a reference picture (by, for example, the parser (320)), the current picture buffer (358) can become a part of the reference picture memory (357), and a fresh current picture buffer can be reallocated before commencing the reconstruction of the following coded picture.

The video decoder (310) may perform decoding operations according to a predetermined video compression technology in a standard, such as ITU-T Rec. H.265. The coded video sequence may conform to a syntax specified by the video compression technology or standard being used, in the sense that the coded video sequence adheres to both the syntax of the video compression technology or standard and the profiles as document in the video compression technology or standard. Specifically, a profile can select certain tools as the only tools available for use under that profile from all the tools available in the video compression technology or standard. Also necessary for compliance can be that the complexity of the coded video sequence is within bounds as defined by the level of the video compression technology or standard. In some cases, levels restrict the maximum picture size, maximum frame rate, maximum reconstruction sample rate (measured in, for example megasamples per second), maximum reference picture size, and so on. Limits set by levels can, in some cases, be further restricted through Hypothetical Reference Decoder (HRD) specifications and metadata for HRD buffer management signaled in the coded video sequence.

In an embodiment, the receiver (331) may receive additional (redundant) data with the encoded video. The additional data may be included as part of the coded video sequence(s). The additional data may be used by the video decoder (310) to properly decode the data and/or to more accurately reconstruct the original video data. Additional data can be in the form of, for example, temporal, spatial, or signal noise ratio (SNR) enhancement layers, redundant slices, redundant pictures, forward error correction codes, and so on.

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a video encoder (403) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The video encoder (403) is included in an electronic device (420). The electronic device (420) includes a transmitter (440) (e.g., transmitting circuitry). The video encoder (403) can be used in the place of the video encoder (203) in the FIG. 2 example.

The video encoder (403) may receive video samples from a video source (401)(that is not part of the electronic device (420) in the FIG. 4 example) that may capture video image(s) to be coded by the video encoder (403). In another example, the video source (401) is a part of the electronic device (420).

The video source (401) may provide the source video sequence to be coded by the video encoder (403) in the form of a digital video sample stream that can be of any suitable bit depth (for example: 8 bit, 10 bit, 12 bit, . . . ), any colorspace (for example, BT.601 Y CrCB, RGB, . . . ) and any suitable sampling structure (for example Y CrCb 4:2:0, Y CrCb 4:4:4). In a media serving system, the video source (401) may be a storage device storing previously prepared video. In a videoconferencing system, the video source (401) may be a camera that captures local image information as a video sequence. Video data may be provided as a plurality of individual pictures that impart motion when viewed in sequence. The pictures themselves may be organized as a spatial array of pixels, wherein each pixel can comprise one or more samples depending on the sampling structure, color space, etc. in use. A person skilled in the art can readily understand the relationship between pixels and samples. The description below focuses on samples.

According to an embodiment, the video encoder (403) may code and compress the pictures of the source video sequence into a coded video sequence (443) in real time or under any other time constraints as required by the application. Enforcing appropriate coding speed is one function of a controller (450). In some embodiments, the controller (450) controls other functional units as described below and is functionally coupled to the other functional units. The coupling is not depicted for clarity. Parameters set by the controller (450) can include rate control related parameters (picture skip, quantizer, lambda value of rate-distortion optimization techniques, . . . ), picture size, group of pictures (GOP) layout, maximum motion vector search range, and so forth. The controller (450) can be configured to have other suitable functions that pertain to the video encoder (403) optimized for a certain system design.

In some embodiments, the video encoder (403) is configured to operate in a coding loop. As an oversimplified description, in an example, the coding loop can include a source coder (430) (e.g., responsible for creating symbols, such as a symbol stream, based on an input picture to be coded, and a reference picture(s)), and a (local) decoder (433) embedded in the video encoder (403). The decoder (433) reconstructs the symbols to create the sample data in a similar manner as a (remote) decoder also would create (as any compression between symbols and coded video bitstream is lossless in the video compression technologies considered in the disclosed subject matter). The reconstructed sample stream (sample data) is input to the reference picture memory (434). As the decoding of a symbol stream leads to bit-exact results independent of decoder location (local or remote), the content in the reference picture memory (434) is also bit exact between the local encoder and remote encoder. In other words, the prediction part of an encoder “sees” as reference picture samples exactly the same sample values as a decoder would “see” when using prediction during decoding. This fundamental principle of reference picture synchronicity (and resulting drift, if synchronicity cannot be maintained, for example because of channel errors) is used in some related arts as well.

The operation of the “local” decoder (433) can be the same as of a “remote” decoder, such as the video decoder (310), which has already been described in detail above in conjunction with FIG. 3. Briefly referring also to FIG. 3, however, as symbols are available and encoding/decoding of symbols to a coded video sequence by an entropy coder (445) and the parser (320) can be lossless, the entropy decoding parts of the video decoder (310), including the buffer memory (315), and parser (320) may not be fully implemented in the local decoder (433).

An observation that can be made at this point is that any decoder technology except the parsing/entropy decoding that is present in a decoder also necessarily needs to be present, in substantially identical functional form, in a corresponding encoder. For this reason, the disclosed subject matter focuses on decoder operation. The description of encoder technologies can be abbreviated as they are the inverse of the comprehensively described decoder technologies. Only in certain areas a more detail description is required and provided below.

During operation, in some examples, the source coder (430) may perform motion compensated predictive coding, which codes an input picture predictively with reference to one or more previously-coded picture from the video sequence that were designated as “reference pictures”. In this manner, the coding engine (432) codes differences between pixel blocks of an input picture and pixel blocks of reference picture(s) that may be selected as prediction reference(s) to the input picture.

The local video decoder (433) may decode coded video data of pictures that may be designated as reference pictures, based on symbols created by the source coder (430). Operations of the coding engine (432) may advantageously be lossy processes. When the coded video data may be decoded at a video decoder (not shown in FIG. 4), the reconstructed video sequence typically may be a replica of the source video sequence with some errors. The local video decoder (433) replicates decoding processes that may be performed by the video decoder on reference pictures and may cause reconstructed reference pictures to be stored in the reference picture cache (434). In this manner, the video encoder (403) may store copies of reconstructed reference pictures locally that have common content as the reconstructed reference pictures that will be obtained by a far-end video decoder (absent transmission errors).

The predictor (435) may perform prediction searches for the coding engine (432). That is, for a new picture to be coded, the predictor (435) may search the reference picture memory (434) for sample data (as candidate reference pixel blocks) or certain metadata such as reference picture motion vectors, block shapes, and so on, that may serve as an appropriate prediction reference for the new pictures. The predictor (435) may operate on a sample block-by-pixel block basis to find appropriate prediction references. In some cases, as determined by search results obtained by the predictor (435), an input picture may have prediction references drawn from multiple reference pictures stored in the reference picture memory (434).

The controller (450) may manage coding operations of the source coder (430), including, for example, setting of parameters and subgroup parameters used for encoding the video data.

Output of all aforementioned functional units may be subjected to entropy coding in the entropy coder (445). The entropy coder (445) translates the symbols as generated by the various functional units into a coded video sequence, by lossless compressing the symbols according to technologies known to a person skilled in the art as, for example Huffman coding, variable length coding, arithmetic coding, and so forth.

The transmitter (440) may buffer the coded video sequence(s) as created by the entropy coder (445) to prepare for transmission via a communication channel (460), which may be a hardware/software link to a storage device which would store the encoded video data. The transmitter (440) may merge coded video data from the video coder (403) with other data to be transmitted, for example, coded audio data and/or ancillary data streams (sources not shown).

The controller (450) may manage operation of the video encoder (403). During coding, the controller (450) may assign to each coded picture a certain coded picture type, which may affect the coding techniques that may be applied to the respective picture. For example, pictures often may be assigned as one of the following picture types:

An Intra Picture (I picture) may be one that may be coded and decoded without using any other picture in the sequence as a source of prediction. Some video codecs allow for different types of Intra pictures, including, for example Independent Decoder Refresh (“IDR”) Pictures. A person skilled in the art is aware of those variants of I pictures and their respective applications and features.

A Predictive picture (P picture) may be one that may be coded and decoded using intra prediction or inter prediction using at most one motion vector and reference index to predict the sample values of each block.

A Bi-directionally Predictive Picture (B Picture) may be one that may be coded and decoded using intra prediction or inter prediction using at most two motion vectors and reference indices to predict the sample values of each block. Similarly, multiple-predictive pictures can use more than two reference pictures and associated metadata for the reconstruction of a single block.

Source pictures commonly may be subdivided spatially into a plurality of sample blocks (for example, blocks of 4×4, 8×8, 4×8, or 16×16 samples each) and coded on a block-by-block basis. Blocks may be coded predictively with reference to other (already coded) blocks as determined by the coding assignment applied to the blocks' respective pictures. For example, blocks of I pictures may be coded non-predictively or they may be coded predictively with reference to already coded blocks of the same picture (spatial prediction or intra prediction). Pixel blocks of P pictures may be coded predictively, via spatial prediction or via temporal prediction with reference to one previously coded reference pictures. Blocks of B pictures may be coded predictively, via spatial prediction or via temporal prediction with reference to one or two previously coded reference pictures.

The video encoder (403) may perform coding operations according to a predetermined video coding technology or standard, such as ITU-T Rec. H.265. In its operation, the video encoder (403) may perform various compression operations, including predictive coding operations that exploit temporal and spatial redundancies in the input video sequence. The coded video data, therefore, may conform to a syntax specified by the video coding technology or standard being used.

In an embodiment, the transmitter (440) may transmit additional data with the encoded video. The source coder (430) may include such data as part of the coded video sequence. Additional data may comprise temporal/spatial/SNR enhancement layers, other forms of redundant data such as redundant pictures and slices, Supplementary Enhancement Information (SEI) messages, Visual Usability Information (VUI) parameter set fragments, transform block signaling information, and so on.

A video may be captured as a plurality of source pictures (video pictures) in a temporal sequence. Intra-picture prediction (often abbreviated to Intra prediction) makes uses of spatial correlation in a given picture, and inter-picture prediction makes uses of the (temporal or other) correlation between the pictures. In an example, a specific picture under encoding/decoding, which is referred to as a current picture, is partitioned into blocks. When a block in the current picture is similar to a reference block in a previously coded and still buffered reference picture in the video, the block in the current picture can be coded by a vector that is referred to as a motion vector. The motion vector points to the reference block in the reference picture, and can have a third dimension identifying the reference picture, in case multiple reference pictures are in use.

In some embodiments, a bi-prediction technique can be used in the inter-picture prediction. According to the bi-prediction technique, two reference pictures, such as a first and a second reference picture that are both prior in decoding order to the current picture in the video (but may be in the past and future, respectively, in display order) are used. A block in the current picture can be coded by a first motion vector that points to a first reference block in the first reference picture, and a second motion vector that points to a second reference block in the second reference picture. The block can be predicted by a combination of the first reference block and the second reference block.

Further, a merge mode technique can be used in the inter-picture prediction to improve coding efficiency.

According to some embodiments of the disclosure, predictions, such as inter-picture predictions and intra-picture predictions are performed in the unit of blocks. For example, according to the HEVC standard, a picture in a sequence of video pictures is partitioned into coding tree units (CTU) for compression, the CTUs in a picture have the same size, such as 64×64 pixels, 32×32 pixels, or 16×16 pixels. In general, a CTU includes three coding tree blocks (CTBs), which are one luma CTB and two chroma CTBs. Each CTU can be recursively quadtree split into one or multiple coding units (CUs). For example, a CTU of 64×64 pixels can be split into one CU of 64×64 pixels, or 4 CUs of 32×32 pixels, or 16 CUs of 16×16 pixels. In an example, each CU is analyzed to determine a prediction type for the CU, such as an inter prediction type or an intra prediction type. The CU is split into one or more prediction units (PUs) depending on the temporal and/or spatial predictability. Generally, each PU includes a luma prediction block (PB), and two chroma PBs. In an embodiment, a prediction operation in coding (encoding/decoding) is performed in the unit of a prediction block. Using a luma prediction block as an example of a prediction block, the prediction block includes a matrix of values (e.g., luma values) for pixels, such as 8×8 pixels, 16×16 pixels, 8×16 pixels, 16×8 pixels and the like.

FIG. 5 shows a diagram of a video encoder (503) according to another embodiment of the disclosure. The video encoder (503) is configured to receive a processing block (e.g., a prediction block) of sample values within a current video picture in a sequence of video pictures, and encode the processing block into a coded picture that is part of a coded video sequence. In an example, the video encoder (503) is used in the place of the video encoder (203) in the FIG. 2 example.

In an HEVC example, the video encoder (503) receives a matrix of sample values for a processing block, such as a prediction block of 8×8 samples, and the like. The video encoder (503) determines whether the processing block is best coded using intra mode, inter mode, or bi-prediction mode using, for example, rate-distortion optimization. When the processing block is to be coded in intra mode, the video encoder (503) may use an intra prediction technique to encode the processing block into the coded picture; and when the processing block is to be coded in inter mode or bi-prediction mode, the video encoder (503) may use an inter prediction or bi-prediction technique, respectively, to encode the processing block into the coded picture. In certain video coding technologies, merge mode can be an inter picture prediction submode where the motion vector is derived from one or more motion vector predictors without the benefit of a coded motion vector component outside the predictors. In certain other video coding technologies, a motion vector component applicable to the subject block may be present. In an example, the video encoder (503) includes other components, such as a mode decision module (not shown) to determine the mode of the processing blocks.

In the FIG. 5 example, the video encoder (503) includes the inter encoder (530), an intra encoder (522), a residue calculator (523), a switch (526), a residue encoder (524), a general controller (521) and an entropy encoder (525) coupled together as shown in FIG. 5.

The inter encoder (530) is configured to receive the samples of the current block (e.g., a processing block), compare the block to one or more reference blocks in reference pictures (e.g., blocks in previous pictures and later pictures), generate inter prediction information (e.g., description of redundant information according to inter encoding technique, motion vectors, merge mode information), and calculate inter prediction results (e.g., predicted block) based on the inter prediction information using any suitable technique. In some examples, the reference pictures are decoded reference pictures that are decoded based on the encoded video information.

The intra encoder (522) is configured to receive the samples of the current block (e.g., a processing block), in some cases compare the block to blocks already coded in the same picture, generate quantized coefficients after transform and, in some cases also intra prediction information (e.g., an intra prediction direction information according to one or more intra encoding techniques). In an example, the intra encoder (522) also calculates intra prediction results (e.g., predicted block) based on the intra prediction information and reference blocks in the same picture.

The general controller (521) is configured to determine general control data and control other components of the video encoder (503) based on the general control data. In an example, the general controller (521) determines the mode of the block, and provides a control signal to the switch (526) based on the mode. For example, when the mode is the intra, the general controller (521) controls the switch (526) to select the intra mode result for use by the residue calculator (523), and controls the entropy encoder (525) to select the intra prediction information and include the intra prediction information in the bitstream; and when the mode is the inter mode, the general controller (521) controls the switch (526) to select the inter prediction result for use by the residue calculator (523), and controls the entropy encoder (525) to select the inter prediction information and include the inter prediction information in the bitstream.

The residue calculator (523) is configured to calculate a difference (residue data) between the received block and prediction results selected from the intra encoder (522) or the inter encoder (530). The residue encoder (524) is configured to operate based on the residue data to encode the residue data to generate the transform coefficients. In an example, the residue encoder (524) is configured to convert the residue data in the frequency domain, and generate the transform coefficients. The transform coefficients are then subject to quantization processing to obtain quantized transform coefficients. In various embodiments, the video encoder (503) also includes a residue decoder (528). The residue decoder (528) is configured to perform inverse-transform, and generate the decoded residue data. The decoded residue data can be suitably used by the intra encoder (522) and the inter encoder (530). For example, the inter encoder (530) can generate decoded blocks based on the decoded residue data and inter prediction information, and the intra encoder (522) can generate decoded blocks based on the decoded residue data and the intra prediction information. The decoded blocks are suitably processed to generate decoded pictures and the decoded pictures can be buffered in a memory circuit (not shown) and used as reference pictures in some examples.

The entropy encoder (525) is configured to format the bitstream to include the encoded block. The entropy encoder (525) is configured to include various information according to a suitable standard, such as HEVC standard. In an example, the entropy encoder (525) is configured to include the general control data, the selected prediction information (e.g., intra prediction information or inter prediction information), the residue information, and other suitable information in the bitstream. Note that, according to the disclosed subject matter, when coding a block in the merge submode of either inter mode or bi-prediction mode, there is no residue information.

FIG. 6 shows a diagram of a video decoder (610) according to another embodiment of the disclosure. The video decoder (610) is configured to receive coded pictures that are part of a coded video sequence, and decode the coded picture to generate a reconstructed picture. In an example, the video decoder (610) is used in the place of the video decoder (210) in the FIG. 2 example.

In the FIG. 6 example, the video decoder (610) includes an entropy decoder (671), an inter decoder (680), a residue decoder (673), a reconstruction module (674), and an intra decoder (672) coupled together as shown in FIG. 6.

The entropy decoder (671) can be configured to reconstruct, from the coded picture, certain symbols that represent the syntax elements of which the coded picture is made up. Such symbols can include, for example, the mode in which a block is coded (such as, for example, intra, inter, b-predicted, the latter two in merge submode or another submode), prediction information (such as, for example, intra prediction information or inter prediction information) that can identify certain sample or metadata that is used for prediction by the intra decoder (672) or the inter decoder (680) respectively residual information in the form of, for example, quantized transform coefficients, and the like. In an example, when the prediction mode is inter or bi-predicted mode, the inter prediction information is provided to the inter decoder (680); and when the prediction type is the intra prediction type, the intra prediction information is provided to the intra decoder (672). The residual information can be subject to inverse quantization and is provided to the residue decoder (673).

The inter decoder (680) is configured to receive the inter prediction information, and generate inter prediction results based on the inter prediction information.

The intra decoder (672) is configured to receive the intra prediction information, and generate prediction results based on the intra prediction information.

The residue decoder (673) is configured to perform inverse quantization to extract de-quantized transform coefficients, and process the de-quantized transform coefficients to convert the residual from the frequency domain to the spatial domain. The residue decoder (673) may also require certain control information (to include the Quantizer Parameter (QP)), and that information may be provided by the entropy decoder (671) (datapath not depicted as this may be low volume control information only).

The reconstruction module (674) is configured to combine, in the spatial domain, the residual as output by the residue decoder (673) and the prediction results (as output by the inter or intra prediction modules as the case may be) to form a reconstructed block, that may be part of the reconstructed picture, which in turn may be part of the reconstructed video. It is noted that other suitable operations, such as a deblocking operation and the like, can be performed to improve the visual quality.

It is noted that the video encoders (203), (403) and (503), and the video decoders (210), (310) and (610) can be implemented using any suitable technique. In an embodiment, the video encoders (203), (403) and (503), and the video decoders (210), (310) and (610) can be implemented using one or more integrated circuits. In another embodiment, the video encoders (203), (403) and (403), and the video decoders (210), (310) and (610) can be implemented using one or more processors that execute software instructions.

According to some embodiments, a largest CU block size is 2N×2N (e.g., 128×128), but a largest TU transform size may be (N)×(N) (e.g., 64×64) (i.e., the TU transform size is less than the CU block size). In one embodiment, when a coding block (e.g., CU) has a width or height being larger than N, a residual block (e.g., block resulting from intra-prediction or inter-prediction) is split into multiple smaller sub-blocks (e.g., TU), and a small transform is applied on each sub-block. For example, for a W×H coding block, the residual block may be split into multiples of min (W,N)×min (H,N) blocks, so that the largest transform size is guaranteed to be N-point.

According to some embodiments, for a transform size being larger than N/2 (e.g., N-point transform), only the first N/2 transform coefficients are calculated and the last N/2 coefficients are set to 0. For example, for a 16×64 block, only the top-left 16×32 coefficients are calculated and the remaining coefficients are set to 0. In another example, for a 64×64 block, only the top-left 32×32 coefficients are calculated and the remaining coefficients are set to 0. The zeroing out of coefficients saves unnecessary operations in transform and inverse transforms which have little impact on coding performance, thereby leading to a reduction in complexity.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example coding block unit 700. As illustrated in FIG. 7, the coding block unit may be partitioned into smaller units (e.g., TUs), which is demonstrated by the dashed lines within coding block unit 700.

FIG. 8 illustrates another coding block unit 800 that is partitioned into four transform block units TU1-TU4. In some embodiments, each of TU1-TU4 is the same size. In other embodiments, the sizes of TU1-TU4 may be different from each other.

According to some embodiments, each TU partitioned from a CU is associated with a flag, such as a non-zero coded block flag (CBF) that indicates whether the TU includes non-zero coefficients. In some embodiments, each TU is associated with one or more coding tool flags that indicate whether a coding tool is used during a transform or inverse transform operation performed on the TU. Example coding tools include, but are not limited to, delta Quantization Parameter (QP), Enhanced Multiple Transform (EMT), and Non-Separable Secondary Transform (NSST). As an example, a separate flag may be used for each coding tool for each TU partitioned from a CU.

According to some embodiments, when there is more than one TU partitioned from a CU that has non-zero coefficients, only the coding tool information for one TU (e.g., the first TU) with non-zero coefficients are signaled, and other TUs with non-zero coefficients share the same information. The coding tool information may include a flag that identifies one of a plurality of coding tools or a flag for each of the plurality of coding tools (e.g., delta QP flag, EMT, flag, and/or NST flag). For example, referring to FIG. 8 and TABLE 1 (below) a CU may be partitioned into TUs 1-4, and the CBF for these 4 TUs are 0, 1, 1, 0, respectively. The TU with the first non-zero CBF in the current CU is TU2. Accordingly, the delta QP, EMT, or NSST flag is only signaled for TU2, and TU3 shares the same delta QP, EMT, or NSST flag with TU2. For example, as illustrated in TABLE 1, TU2 is associated with the EMT coding tool. Although, the coding flags for TU3 are not signaled, as indicated by the dash in the table, TU3 will also be associated with the EMT coding tool. The dashes in TABLE 1 indicate information that is not signaled (i.e., not included) in a coded video bitstream. Although Table 1 illustrates one coding tool being signaled for a particular TU, in other embodiments, multiple coding tools may be signaled for a TU.

TABLE 1 TU CBF Delta QP EMT NSST TU1 0 — — — TU2 1 0 1 0 TU3 1 — — — TU4 0 — — —

Although TABLE 1 illustrates delta QP, EMT, and NSST as separate flags, in other embodiments, the coding tools may be encoded as a sequence of bits. For example, the coding tool for at least one TU including non-zero coefficients may be specified as two bits where “00” indicates delta QP, “01” indicates EMT, and “10” indicates NSST.

According, to some embodiments, the number of TUs in a CU is compared to a threshold. The threshold may be an integer number such as 2, 3, 4, etc. The CU may contain both luma TU components and chroma TU components. In some embodiments, only the luma TU components in the CU are counted in the number of TUs that is compared to the threshold. In other embodiments, both the luma and chroma TU components in the CU are counted in the number of TUs that is compared to the threshold. If the number of TUs in a CU is less than or equal to the threshold, the CBF of each TU will be signaled separately. However, in some embodiments, if the number of TUs in the CU is greater than the threshold, a 2-level CBF coding is used, where the first level CBF is used to indicate whether a CU includes at least one TU with non-zero coefficients. For example, if the first level CBF (e.g., CU CBF) is 1, the second level CBF (e.g., TU CBF) is signaled for each TU partitioned from the CU. If the value of the first level CBF is 0, the second level CBF is not signaled.

TABLE 2 illustrates an example of three CUs (i.e., CU1, CU2, and CU3) and the corresponding flags for each CU. The dashes in TABLE 2 indicate information that is not signaled (i.e., not included) in a coded video bitstream. In this example, the threshold is 2, CU1 includes 2 TUs, CU2 includes 4 TUs, and CU3 includes 4 TUs.

TABLE 2 CU CU CBF TU1 CBF TU2 CBF TU3 CBF TU4 CBF CU1 — 0 1 — — CU2 0 — — — — CU3 1 0 1 1 0

As illustrated in TABLE 2, since the number of TUs in CU1 is less than or equal to the threshold, no CU CBF flag is signaled for CU1. Instead, the individual CBF flags for each TU in CU1 are signaled. In this regard, for CU1, the CBF for TU1 is 0, and the CBF for TU2 is 1. Since CU2 and CU3 have a number of TUs greater than the threshold, the CU CBF flag is signaled for CU2 and CU3. For example, as illustrated in TABLE 2, the CU CBF for CU2 is 0, which indicates that CU2 does not contain non-zero coefficients. Accordingly, for CU2, the TU CBF flags for TU1-TU4 are not signaled. As illustrated in TABLE 2, the CU CBF for CU3 is 1, which indicates that CU3 includes at least one TU that includes non-zero coefficients. Accordingly, for CU3, the TU CBF flags for TU1-TU4 are signaled. As illustrated in TABLE 2, the TU CBF flags for TU1-TU4 are 0,1,1,0 respectively.

The results of TABLE 2 may be combined with TABLE 1 where the TU CBF flags in TABLE 2 correspond to the CBF in TABLE 1. For example, for CU3, each TU CBF in TABLE 2 corresponds to the CBF in TABLE 1. When a TU has a CBF flag that is 1, TABLE 1 may be checked to determine whether one or more coding tools are specified for that particular TU.

As noted above, significant advantages are achieved by reducing the amount of information that is signaled in a coded video bitstream. By signaling only the coding tool information for one TU containing non-zero coefficients, a reduction in the size of a bitstream can be achieved because the coding tool information for each TU does not need to be transmitted. Further a reduction in the bitstream can be achieved by using the 2-level CBFs. For example, as illustrated in TABLE 2, by indicating that CU2 does not contain non-zero coefficients (i.e., CU CBF=0), the size of the bitstream may be reduced by not signaling the CBF flags for each TU in CU2.

FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a process performed by a decoder such as decoder 310. The process illustrated in FIG. 9 may be performed for each CU included in a coded video bitstream. For example, referring to TABLE 2, the process illustrated in FIG. 9 may be performed for each of CU1-CU3. The process may generally start at step S900 where transform block signaling information is acquired from a coded video bitstream. For example, the coded video bitstream may include the information illustrated in TABLEs 1 and 2 as the transform block signaling information. The process proceeds to step S902 to determine, from the acquired transform block signaling information, a number of TUs partitioned from a CU. For example, as discussed above with respect to TABLE 2, CU1 includes 2 TUs partitioned from CU1, CU2 includes 4 TUs partitioned from CU2, and CU3 includes 4 TUs partitioned from CU3.

The process proceeds to step S904 to determine whether the number of TUs partitioned from the CU is greater than a threshold. As discussed above, the threshold may be an integer number. If the number of TUs is greater than the threshold (e.g., 2), the process proceeds to step S906 to determine whether the transform block signaling information indicates that the CU contains non-zero coefficients. For example, referring to TABLE 2, CUs 2 and 3 each contain a number of TUs that is greater than the threshold (e.g., 2). The CU CBF for CUs 2 and 3 may be checked to determine whether either CU includes non-zero coefficients. If the CU does not contain non-zero coefficients (e.g., CU CBF=0), the process illustrated in FIG. 9 ends.

If the CU does contain non-zero coefficients (e.g., CU CBF=1), the process proceeds to step S908 to identify the TUs partitioned from the CU that contain non-zero coefficients. The process also proceeds from step S904 to S908 if the number of TUs partitioned from the CU is less than or equal to the threshold. Referring to TABLE 2, as an example, the CU CBF for CU3 is 1. Accordingly, CU3 includes at least one TU that contains non-zero coefficients. For example, in step S908, referring to TABLE 2, it is determined from the TU CBFs for CU3 that TU2 and TU3 both include non-zero coefficients.

The process proceeds from step S908 to S910 to determine a coding tool specified for at least one TU from the partitioned CU having non-zero coefficients. For example, TABLE 1 may represent the TUs for CU3. As illustrated in TABLE 1, the CBF for TU2 is 1, which indicates that TU2 includes non-zero coefficients. Furthermore, as illustrated in TABLE 1, the coding tool flags for TU2 indicate that the EMT coding tool is specified for TU2.

The process proceeds to step S912 where, for each TU that contains non-zero coefficients, an inverse transform is performed in accordance with the specified coding tool. For example, referring to TABLEs 1 and 2 for CU3, the inverse transform is performed for TU2 and TU3 since these TUs contain non-zero coefficients. Furthermore, since the EMT coding tool is specified for TU2, the same coding tool may also be used for TU3.

The techniques described above, can be implemented as computer software using computer-readable instructions and physically stored in one or more computer-readable media. For example, FIG. 10 shows a computer system (1000) suitable for implementing certain embodiments of the disclosed subject matter.

The computer software can be coded using any suitable machine code or computer language, that may be subject to assembly, compilation, linking, or like mechanisms to create code comprising instructions that can be executed directly, or through interpretation, micro-code execution, and the like, by one or more computer central processing units (CPUs), Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and the like.

The instructions can be executed on various types of computers or components thereof, including, for example, personal computers, tablet computers, servers, smartphones, gaming devices, internet of things devices, and the like.

The components shown in FIG. 10 for computer system (1000) are exemplary in nature and are not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the computer software implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. Neither should the configuration of components be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary embodiment of a computer system (1000).

Computer system (1000) may include certain human interface input devices. Such a human interface input device may be responsive to input by one or more human users through, for example, tactile input (such as: keystrokes, swipes, data glove movements), audio input (such as: voice, clapping), visual input (such as: gestures), olfactory input (not depicted). The human interface devices can also be used to capture certain media not necessarily directly related to conscious input by a human, such as audio (such as: speech, music, ambient sound), images (such as: scanned images, photographic images obtain from a still image camera), video (such as two-dimensional video, three-dimensional video including stereoscopic video).

Input human interface devices may include one or more of (only one of each depicted): keyboard (1001), mouse (1002), trackpad (1003), touch screen (1010), data-glove (not shown), joystick (1005), microphone (1006), scanner (1007), camera (1008).

Computer system (1000) may also include certain human interface output devices. Such human interface output devices may be stimulating the senses of one or more human users through, for example, tactile output, sound, light, and smell/taste. Such human interface output devices may include tactile output devices (for example tactile feedback by the touch-screen (1010), data-glove (not shown), or joystick (1005), but there can also be tactile feedback devices that do not serve as input devices), audio output devices (such as: speakers (1009), headphones (not depicted)), visual output devices (such as screens (1010) to include CRT screens, LCD screens, plasma screens, OLED screens, each with or without touch-screen input capability, each with or without tactile feedback capability—some of which may be capable to output two dimensional visual output or more than three dimensional output through means such as stereographic output; virtual-reality glasses (not depicted), holographic displays and smoke tanks (not depicted)), and printers (not depicted).

Computer system (1000) can also include human accessible storage devices and their associated media such as optical media including CD/DVD ROM/RW (1020) with CD/DVD or the like media (1021), thumb-drive (1022), removable hard drive or solid state drive (1023), legacy magnetic media such as tape and floppy disc (not depicted), specialized ROM/ASIC/PLD based devices such as security dongles (not depicted), and the like.

Those skilled in the art should also understand that term “computer readable media” as used in connection with the presently disclosed subject matter does not encompass transmission media, carrier waves, or other transitory signals.

Computer system (1000) can also include an interface to one or more communication networks. Networks can for example be wireless, wireline, optical. Networks can further be local, wide-area, metropolitan, vehicular and industrial, real-time, delay-tolerant, and so on. Examples of networks include local area networks such as Ethernet, wireless LANs, cellular networks to include GSM, 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE and the like, TV wireline or wireless wide area digital networks to include cable TV, satellite TV, and terrestrial broadcast TV, vehicular and industrial to include CANBus, and so forth. Certain networks commonly require external network interface adapters that attached to certain general purpose data ports or peripheral buses (1049) (such as, for example USB ports of the computer system (1000)); others are commonly integrated into the core of the computer system (1000) by attachment to a system bus as described below (for example Ethernet interface into a PC computer system or cellular network interface into a smartphone computer system). Using any of these networks, computer system (1000) can communicate with other entities. Such communication can be uni-directional, receive only (for example, broadcast TV), uni-directional send-only (for example CANbus to certain CANbus devices), or bi-directional, for example to other computer systems using local or wide area digital networks. Certain protocols and protocol stacks can be used on each of those networks and network interfaces as described above.

Aforementioned human interface devices, human-accessible storage devices, and network interfaces can be attached to a core (1040) of the computer system (1000).

The core (1040) can include one or more Central Processing Units (CPU) (1041), Graphics Processing Units (GPU) (1042), specialized programmable processing units in the form of Field Programmable Gate Areas (FPGA) (1043), hardware accelerators for certain tasks (1044), and so forth. These devices, along with Read-only memory (ROM) (1045), Random-access memory (1046), internal mass storage such as internal non-user accessible hard drives, SSDs, and the like (1047), may be connected through a system bus (1048). In some computer systems, the system bus (1048) can be accessible in the form of one or more physical plugs to enable extensions by additional CPUs, GPU, and the like. The peripheral devices can be attached either directly to the core's system bus (1048), or through a peripheral bus (1049). Architectures for a peripheral bus include PCI, USB, and the like.

CPUs (1041), GPUs (1042), FPGAs (1043), and accelerators (1044) can execute certain instructions that, in combination, can make up the aforementioned computer code. That computer code can be stored in ROM (1045) or RAM (1046). Transitional data can be also be stored in RAM (1046), whereas permanent data can be stored for example, in the internal mass storage (1047). Fast storage and retrieve to any of the memory devices can be enabled through the use of cache memory, that can be closely associated with one or more CPU (1041), GPU (1042), mass storage (1047), ROM (1045), RAM (1046), and the like.

The computer readable media can have computer code thereon for performing various computer-implemented operations. The media and computer code can be those specially designed and constructed for the purposes of the present disclosure, or they can be of the kind well known and available to those having skill in the computer software arts.

As an example and not by way of limitation, the computer system having architecture (1000), and specifically the core (1040) can provide functionality as a result of processor(s) (including CPUs, GPUs, FPGA, accelerators, and the like) executing software embodied in one or more tangible, computer-readable media. Such computer-readable media can be media associated with user-accessible mass storage as introduced above, as well as certain storage of the core (1040) that are of non-transitory nature, such as core-internal mass storage (1047) or ROM (1045). The software implementing various embodiments of the present disclosure can be stored in such devices and executed by core (1040). A computer-readable medium can include one or more memory devices or chips, according to particular needs. The software can cause the core (1040) and specifically the processors therein (including CPU, GPU, FPGA, and the like) to execute particular processes or particular parts of particular processes described herein, including defining data structures stored in RAM (1046) and modifying such data structures according to the processes defined by the software. In addition or as an alternative, the computer system can provide functionality as a result of logic hardwired or otherwise embodied in a circuit (for example: accelerator (1044)), which can operate in place of or together with software to execute particular processes or particular parts of particular processes described herein. Reference to software can encompass logic, and vice versa, where appropriate. Reference to a computer-readable media can encompass a circuit (such as an integrated circuit (IC)) storing software for execution, a circuit embodying logic for execution, or both, where appropriate. The present disclosure encompasses any suitable combination of hardware and software.

APPENDIX A: ACRONYMS

-   JEM: joint exploration model -   VVC: versatile video coding -   BMS: benchmark set -   MV: Motion Vector -   HEVC: High Efficiency Video Coding -   SEI: Supplementary Enhancement Information -   VUI: Video Usability Information -   GOPs: Groups of Pictures -   TUs: Transform Units, -   PUs: Prediction Units -   CTUs: Coding Tree Units -   CTBs: Coding Tree Blocks -   PBs: Prediction Blocks -   HRD: Hypothetical Reference Decoder -   SNR: Signal Noise Ratio -   CPUs: Central Processing Units -   GPUs: Graphics Processing Units -   CRT: Cathode Ray Tube -   LCD: Liquid-Crystal Display -   OLED: Organic Light-Emitting Diode -   CD: Compact Disc -   DVD: Digital Video Disc -   ROM: Read-Only Memory -   RAM: Random Access Memory -   ASIC: Application-Specific Integrated Circuit -   PLD: Programmable Logic Device -   LAN: Local Area Network -   GSM: Global System for Mobile communications -   LTE: Long-Term Evolution -   CANBus: Controller Area Network Bus -   USB: Universal Serial Bus -   PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect -   FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Areas -   SSD: solid-state drive -   IC: Integrated Circuit -   CU: Coding Unit

While this disclosure has described several exemplary embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and various substitute equivalents, which fall within the scope of the disclosure. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous systems and methods which, although not explicitly shown or described herein, embody the principles of the disclosure and are thus within the spirit and scope thereof.

(1) A method of video decoding for a decoder including acquiring transform block signaling information from a coded video bitstream; determining whether the transform block signaling information indicates that at least one of a plurality of transform block units (TUs) contains non-zero coefficients, the plurality of TUs being partitioned from a coding block unit (CU); and in response to the determination that at least one of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients, (i) determining a coding tool specified for one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs, and (ii) performing, for each of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients, an inverse transform in accordance with the coding tool specified for the one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs.

(2) The method of feature (1), in which the transform signaling information includes a single indicator of the coding tool to be applied to each of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients.

(3) The method of feature (2), in which the indicator is associated with a first one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients in a sequence of the plurality of TUs.

(4) The method of any one of features (1)-(3), further including determining whether a number of the plurality of TUs is greater than a TU threshold, in response to the determination that the number of the plurality of TUs is greater than the TU threshold, the step of determining whether the transform block signaling information indicates at least one of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients further includes: (i) determining whether the transform block signaling information indicates that the CU includes non-zero coefficients based on a CU indicator, and (ii) in response to the determination that the transform block signaling information indicates that the CU includes non-zero coefficients based on the CU indicator, identifying which of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients based on a TU indicator for each of the plurality of TUs.

(5) The method of feature (4), in which in response to the determination that the number of the plurality of TUs is less than or equal to the TU threshold, the step of determining whether the transform block signaling information indicates at least one of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients further includes identifying which of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients based on the TU indicator for each of the plurality of TUs.

(6) The method of feature (4) or (5), in which the number of the plurality of TUs consists of TUs for a luma component of the CU.

(7) The method of feature (4) or (5), in which the number of the plurality of TUs consists of TUs for a luma component and a chroma component of the CU.

(8) The method of any one of features (4)-(7), in which the TU threshold is an integer greater than or equal to 2.

(9) The method of any one of features (1)-(8), in which the coding tool is one of delta quantization parameter (QP), Enhanced Multiple Transform (EMT), and Non-Separable Secondary Transform.

(10) A video decoder for video decoding, including processing circuitry configured to acquire transform block signaling information from a coded video bitstream, determine whether the transform block signaling information indicates that at least one of a plurality of transform block units (TUs) contains non-zero coefficients, the plurality of TUs being partitioned from a coding block unit (CU), and in response to the determination that at least one of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients, (i) determine a coding tool specified for one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs, and (ii) perform, for each of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients, an inverse transform in accordance with the coding tool specified for the one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs.

(11) The video decoder of feature (10), in which the transform signaling information includes a single indicator of the coding tool to be applied to each of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients.

(12) The video decoder of feature (11), in which the indicator is associated with a first one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients in a sequence of the plurality of TUs.

(13) The video decoder of any one of features (10)-(12), in which the processing circuitry is further configured to determine whether a number of the plurality of TUs is greater than a TU threshold, in response to the determination that the number of the plurality of TUs is greater than the TU threshold, the determination of whether the transform block signaling information indicates at least one of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients further includes (i) determine whether the transform block signaling information indicates that the CU includes non-zero coefficients based on a CU indicator, and (ii) in response to the determination that the transform block signaling information indicates that the CU includes non-zero coefficients based on the CU indicator, identifying which of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients based on a TU indicator for each of the plurality of TUs.

(14) The video decoder of feature 13, in which in response to the determination that the number of the plurality of TUs is less than or equal to the TU threshold, the determination of whether the transform block signaling information indicates at least one of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients further includes identifying which of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients based on the TU indicator for each of the plurality of TUs.

(15) The video decoder of feature (13) or (14), in which the number of the plurality of TUs consists of TUs for a luma component of the CU.

(16) The video decoder of feature (13) or (14), in which the number of the plurality of TUs consists of TUs for a luma component and a chroma component of the CU.

(17) The video decoder of any one of features (13)-(16), in which the TU threshold is an integer greater than or equal to 2.

(18) The video decoder of any one of features (10)-(17), in which the coding tool is one of delta quantization parameter (QP), Enhanced Multiple Transform (EMT), and Non-Separable Secondary Transform.

(19) A non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored therein, which when executed by a processor in a video decoder, causes the processor to execute a method including acquiring transform block signaling information from a coded video bitstream; determining whether the transform block signaling information indicates that at least one of a plurality of transform block units (TUs) contains non-zero coefficients, the plurality of TUs being partitioned from a coding block unit (CU); and in response to the determination that at least one of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients, (i) determining a coding tool specified for one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs, and (ii) performing, for each of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients, an inverse transform in accordance with the coding tool specified for the one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs.

(20) The non-transitory computer readable medium of feature (19), in which the transform signaling information includes a single indicator of the coding tool to be applied to each of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of video decoding for a decoder, the method comprising: acquiring transform block signaling information from a coded video bitstream; determining, according to a first portion of the transform block signaling information, whether at least one of a plurality of transform block units (TUs) contains non-zero coefficients, the plurality of TUs being partitioned from a coding block unit (CU); and in response to at least one of the plurality of TUs of the CU being determined as containing non-zero coefficients, determining, from a second portion of the transform block signaling information that is associated with a particular TU of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients, a coding tool specified for the particular TU, inverse-transforming the particular TU in accordance with the coding tool specified for the particular TU, and in a case that the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients includes one or more other TUs, inverse-transforming the one or more other TUs in accordance with the coding tool specified for the particular TU.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the particular TU is a first one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients according to a sequence of the plurality of TUs.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining whether a number of the plurality of TUs is greater than a TU threshold; and in response to the determination that the number of the plurality of TUs is greater than the TU threshold, determining whether a third portion of the transform block signaling information indicates that the CU includes non-zero coefficients based on a CU indicator, and in response to the determination that the third portion of the transform block signaling information indicates that the CU includes non-zero coefficients based on the CU indicator, identifying which of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients based on a TU indicator for each of the plurality of TUs.
 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: in response to the determination that the number of the plurality of TUs is less than or equal to the TU threshold, identifying which of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients based on the TU indicator for each of the plurality of TUs.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the number of the plurality of TUs consists of TUs for a luma component of the CU.
 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the number of the plurality of TUs consists of TUs for a luma component and a chroma component of the CU.
 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the TU threshold is an integer greater than or equal to
 2. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the coding tool is one of delta quantization parameter (QP), Enhanced Multiple Transform (EMT), and Non-Separable Secondary Transform.
 9. A video decoder for video decoding, comprising: processing circuitry configured to: acquire transform block signaling information from a coded video bitstream, determine, according to a first portion of the transform block signaling information, whether at least one of a plurality of transform block units (TUs) contains non-zero coefficients, the plurality of TUs being partitioned from a coding block unit (CU), and in response to at least one of the plurality of TUs of the CU being determined as containing non-zero coefficients, determine, from a second portion of the transform signaling information that is associated with a particular TU of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients, a coding tool specified for the particular TU, inverse-transform the particular TU in accordance with the coding tool specified for the particular TU, and in a case that the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients includes one or more other TUs, inverse-transform the one or more other TUs in accordance with the coding tool specified for the particular TU.
 10. The video decoder of claim 9, wherein the particular TU is a first one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients according to a sequence of the plurality of TUs.
 11. The video decoder of claim 9, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: determine whether a number of the plurality of TUs is greater than a TU threshold; and in response to the determination that the number of the plurality of TUs is greater than the TU threshold, determine whether a third portion of the transform block signaling information indicates that the CU includes non-zero coefficients based on a CU indicator, and in response to the determination that the third portion of the transform block signaling information indicates that the CU includes non-zero coefficients based on the CU indicator, identify which of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients based on a TU indicator for each of the plurality of TUs.
 12. The video decoder of claim 11, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: in response to the determination that the number of the plurality of TUs is less than or equal to the TU threshold, identify which of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients based on the TU indicator for each of the plurality of TUs.
 13. The video decoder of claim 11, wherein the number of the plurality of TUs consists of TUs for a luma component of the CU.
 14. The video decoder of claim 11, wherein the number of the plurality of TUs consists of TUs for a luma component and a chroma component of the CU.
 15. The video decoder of claim 11, wherein the TU threshold is an integer greater than or equal to
 2. 16. The video decoder of claim 9, wherein the coding tool is one of delta quantization parameter (QP), Enhanced Multiple Transform (EMT), and Non-Separable Secondary Transform.
 17. A non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored therein, which when executed by a processor in a video decoder, cause the processor to execute a method comprising: acquiring transform block signaling information from a coded video bitstream; determining, according to a first portion of the transform block signaling information, whether at least one of a plurality of transform block units (TUs) contains non-zero coefficients, the plurality of TUs being partitioned from a coding block unit (CU); and in response to at least one of the plurality of TUs of the CU being determined as containing non-zero coefficients, determining, from a second portion of the transform signaling information that is associated with a particular TU of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients, a coding tool specified for the particular TU, inverse-transforming the particular TU in accordance with the coding tool specified for the particular TU, and in a case that the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients includes one or more other TUs, inverse-transforming the one or more other TUs in accordance with the coding tool specified for the particular TU.
 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the particular TU is a first one of the at least one of the plurality of TUs that contains non-zero coefficients according to a sequence of the plurality of TUs.
 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the stored instructions, when executed by the processor in the video decoder, cause the processor to execute the method that further comprises: determining whether a number of the plurality of TUs is greater than a TU threshold; and in response to the determination that the number of the plurality of TUs is greater than the TU threshold, determining whether a third portion of the transform block signaling information indicates that the CU includes non-zero coefficients based on a CU indicator, and in response to the determination that the third portion of the transform block signaling information indicates that the CU includes non-zero coefficients based on the CU indicator, identifying which of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients based on a TU indicator for each of the plurality of TUs.
 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 19, wherein the stored instructions, when executed by the processor in the video decoder, cause the processor to execute the method that further comprises: in response to the determination that the number of the plurality of TUs is less than or equal to the TU threshold, identifying which of the plurality of TUs contains non-zero coefficients based on the TU indicator for each of the plurality of TUs. 